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''Clathrus ruber'' is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family, and the type species of the genus ''Clathrus''. It is commonly known as the latticed stinkhorn, the basket stinkhorn, or the red cage, alluding to the striking fruit bodies that are shaped somewhat like a round or oval hollow sphere with interlaced or latticed branches. The fungus is saprobic, feeding off decaying woody plant material, and is usually found alone or in groups in leaf litter on garden soil, grassy places, or on woodchip garden mulches. Although considered primarily a European species, ''C. ruber'' has been introduced to other areas, and now has a wide distribution that includes northern Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. The species was illustrated in the scientific literature during the 16th century, but was not officially described until 1729. The fruit body initially appears like a whitish "egg" attached to the ground at the base by cords called rhizomorphs. The egg has a delicate, leathery outer membrane enclosing the compressed lattice that surrounds a layer of olive-green spore-bearing slime called the gleba, which contains high levels of calcium that help protect the fruit body during development. As the egg ruptures and the fruit body expands, the gleba is carried upward on the inner surfaces of the spongy lattice, and the egg membrane remains as a volva around the base of the structure. The fruit body can reach heights of up to . The color of the fruit body, which can range from pink to orange to red, results primarily from the carotenoid pigments lycopene and ''beta''-carotene. The gleba has a fetid odor, somewhat like rotting meat, which attracts flies and other insects to help disperse its spores. Although the edibility of the fungus is not known with certainty, its odor would deter most from consuming it. ''C. ruber'' was not regarded highly in tales in southern European folklore, which suggested that those who handled the mushroom risked contracting various ailments. ==Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming== }} }} }} }} }} }} |caption=Phylogeny and relationships of ''C. ruber'' and selected Phallaceae species based on ribosomal DNA sequences.〔 }} ''Clathrus ruber'' was illustrated as early as 1560 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his ''Nomenclator Aquatilium Animantium''—Gesner mistook the mushroom for a marine organism.〔 It appeared in a woodcut in John Gerard's 1597 ''Great Herball'',〔 shortly thereafter in Carolus Clusius 1601 ''Fungorum in Pannoniis Observatorum Brevis Historia'',〔 and was one of the species featured in Cassiano dal Pozzo's ''museo cartaceo'' ("paper museum") that consisted of thousands of illustrations of the natural world.〔 The fungus was first described scientifically in 1729, by the Italian Pier Antonio Micheli in his ''Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita'', who gave it its current scientific name.〔 The species was once referred to by American authors as ''Clathrus cancellatus'' L., as they used a system of nomenclature based on the former American Code of Botanical Nomenclature, in which the starting point for naming species was Linnaeus's 1753 ''Species Plantarum''. The International Code for Botanical Nomenclature now uses the same starting date, but names of Gasteromycetes used by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his ''Synopsis Methodica Fungorum'' (1801) are sanctioned and automatically replace earlier names. Since Persoon used the specific epithet ''ruber'', the correct name for the species is ''Clathrus ruber''. Several historical names of the fungus are now synonyms: ''Clathrus flavescens'', named by Persoon in 1801;〔 ''Clathrus cancellatus'' by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and published by Elias Fries in 1823;〔 ''Clathrus nicaeensis'', published by Jean-Baptiste Barla in 1879;〔 and ''Clathrus ruber'' var. ''flavescens'', published by Livio Quadraccia and Dario Lunghini in 1990.〔〔 ''Clathrus ruber'' is the type species of the genus ''Clathrus'', and is part of the group of ''Clathrus'' species known as the Laternoid series. Common features uniting this group include the vertical arms of the receptacle (fruit body) that are not joined together at the base, and the spongy structure of the receptacle.〔 According to a molecular analysis published in 2006, out of the about 40 Phallales species used in the study, ''C. ruber'' is most closely related to ''Aseroe rubra'', ''Clathrus archeri'', ''Laternea triscapa'', and ''Clathrus chrysomycelinus''.〔 The generic name ''Clathrus'' is derived from Ancient Greek κλειθρον or "lattice", and the specific epithet is Latin ''ruber'', meaning "red".〔 The mushroom is commonly known as the "basket stinkhorn",〔 the "lattice stinkhorn",〔 or the "red cage".〔 It was known to the locals of the Adriatic hinterland in the former Yugoslavia as ''veštičije srce'' or ''vještičino srce'', meaning "witch's heart".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clathrus ruber」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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